Abhinava Krishi

Posted on 5 November, 202115 December, 2021 by

Monkey Jack: The best alternative as a fodder crop

**Pic.1# Ripen Flesh of Monkey Jack Fruit**

Agroforestry systems can be playing an advantageous role over conventional agricultural and forest production methods. They can offer increased productivity; social, economic and environmental benefits, as well as greater diversity in the ecological goods and services provided. Multipurpose trees are also a part of the agroforestry system. In addition to providing fodder, fuel, wood, and other products, trees in agroforestry systems promote soil and water conservation, enhance soil fertility, and act as windbreaks for nearby crops. Multipurpose tree species that is purposefully grown so as to provide two or more than two products and also service function like shelter, shade, land sustainability of the land-use system. Fodder trees are important feed sources for livestock in a wide range of farming systems over the world.

Low quality and quantity of feeds are major constraints limiting livestock productivity among smallholder farmers. In many country’s farmers have fed tree foliage to their livestock for centuries, using wild browse or trees that grow naturally on their farms. New agroforestry systems for feeding livestock have emerged over the last three decades, involving the planting of mostly exotic species, grown most frequently in hedges along field boundaries or along the contours to limit soil erosion.

As mentioned above the Monkey jack (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) is an important agroforestry species. The lakoocha is one such important multipurpose plant species member of the family Moraceae. Lakoocha is a tropical tree species widely distributed in the countries like India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. It is generally found in Sub-Himalayan humid regions of India and grows up to an altitude of 1200 A MSL (Dwivedi et al., 2011).

Lakoocha is a medium to large deciduous or evergreen tree. The deciduous period is very short in Eastern India which generally commences in February and ends in early March. The deciduous period has been reported to be absent in Western Ghats (Krishnamurthy and Sarala., 2013). It can grow up to 15 m in height and makes a handsome ornamental tree. The leaves are oblong, acute, alternate, 10-25 cm, long, glossy green on the upper side whereas old leaves are rough. Lakoocha is a multipurpose tree that provides fruit, fodder, fuel, timber, medicine, dye and thick shade. The large leaves are excellent fodder and contain 16 per cent crude protein (Kharel et al., 2000). A single tree can produce 60 to 200 kg of leaves per year (Orwa et al., 2009). It is considered as one of the best forages for milch animals due to its palatability and nourishing values in Nepal and fodder for goats in Jharkhand (Dhungana et al., 2012).

A single fruit weighing between 250 g and 300 g contains 10-30 seeds that are irregular in shape and vary in size. The seeds containing white sticky latex are highly recalcitrant and are dispersed by birds and monkeys (Orwa et al., 2009 and Islam et al., 2016). Fresh fruits and seeds have high nutritional and medicinal value. The unripe fruit and male flower spike are used as vegetables and also used to make pickles, sauce and chutney. The fruits are sweet-sour in taste. The edible pulp is reported to have hepatoprotective properties due to the presence of antioxidants (Gautam and Patel., 2014) and is considered a liver tonic (Hari et al., 2014). It is used in anti-inflammatory therapy and also as an anti-ageing agent (Mongolsuk et al., 1957). The powdered bark is used as a paste for curing skin ailments like boils, pimples, and sores etc. Lakoocha is reported to be widely used in the ethnomedicinal formulations by the tribal people of Jharkhand (Pandey and Bhatnagar., 2009).

(Photographs taken from forestry farm of College of Horticulture and forestry at Khaggal, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (one single tree from natural germination)

Artocarpus lakoocha is a potential tree species for nutrition, poverty alleviation, environmental, agricultural and forest ecosystem diversification and is capable of creating new market opportunities for livelihood security. Hence, a number of problems are associated with the regeneration and propagation of lakoocha including, (1) tree population of lakoocha is gradually decreasing due to its extensive exploitation for food, fodder, timber and other uses; (2) seeds, once extracted from the fruit, quickly lose viability within a week, or sometimes even in few days; and (3) vegetative propagation methods such as rooting of hardwood or softwood stem cuttings have not been successful (Napier and Robbins, 1989). Budding has been reported to be successful with only a single report in Western Himalaya (Sharma et al., 2005).

It belongs to family Moraceae other fruit like Jack fruit, Bread fruit belongs from same family. These are sour in test and the edible pulp is reported to have hepatoprotective properties due to the presence of antioxidants (Gautam and Patel., 2014) and is considered as a liver tonic (Hari et al., 2014). Photographs taken from forestry farm of College of Horticulture and forestry at Khaggal, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (one single tree from natural germination).

Leaves of A. lakoocha containing moisture (61.0%), total ash (8.0%), crude protein (28.6%), crude fat (1.52%), crude fibres (26.3%) and carbohydrates (0.84%) respectively. Due to the high amount of protein content and palatability, it will help to eradicate fodder deficiency in dry months. It’s containing a higher amount of crude protein it will help to enhance milk production in milch animals even though it can help to maintain body weight and reproduction. By considering the importance of this tree it will provide help to provide an ample amount of essential nutrients to livestock in each and every season.

References:

Gupta A K, Rather M A, Kumar Jha A, Shashank A, Singhal S, Sharma M, Pathak U, Sharma D and Mastinu. 2020. A. Artocarpus lakoocha roxb. and Artocarpus heterophyllus lam. flowers: New sources of bioactive compounds. Plants. 9:1329.

Sharma K and Thakur S. 2005. Vegetative Multiplication of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. a Hard to Root Species. Indian Forester 131:259-260.

Napier I and Robbins M. 1989. Forest seed and nursery practice in Nepal.” Forest seed and nursery practice in Nepal 412p.

Mongolsuk S, Robertson A and Towers R. 1957. 429. 2: 4: 3′: 5′-Tetrahydroxystilbene from Artocarpus lakoocha. Journal of the Chemical Society 92: 2231-2233.

Kanak A R, Khan M J, Debi M R, Pikar M K and AktarM. 2013. Nutritive value of three fodder species at different stages of maturity. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 41: 90- 95.

Islam S M, Hasan F M, Ali M, Robbani M and Hossain T M. 2016. Socioeconomic potential of monkey jack: a promising underutilized fruit in Bangladesh. International Journal of Innovative Research 1:40-44.

Gautam P and Patel R. 2014. Artocarpus Lakoocha Roxb: An Overview. European Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1:10-14.

Dwivedi D H, Mishra V, Singh N and Dwivedi S K. 2011. Genetic Variability Studies in Barhal Emile, Jean-Claude. Nutritive value and degradability of leaves from temperate woody resources for feeding ruminants in summer. 3rd European Agroforestry Conference Montpellier pp. 23-25.

Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R and Simons A. 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide. Version 4. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide. Version 4.

Krishnamurthy S R and Sarala P. 2013. Phytochemical studies of Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul. var. lakoocha Roxb. fruits collected from various altitudes of Central Western Ghats. Indian Journal of Natural Product and Resources 4:398-411.

Kharel R, Amatya S M and Basukala R. 2000. Survival and growth of selected fodder species in Dhading, Kabhra and Sindhupalchok districts. Proceedings of the national-level Workshop on Improved Strategies for Identifying and Addressing Fodder Deficits in the Mid-Hills of Nepal (Eds Khare, R, Amataya SM, Kiff L. and Regmi, BN) Department of Forest Research and Survey, Kathmandu. 13p.

Pandey A, Bhatnagar SP. 2009. Antioxidant and Phenolic Content of the Bark of Artocarpus lakoocha. The Pharma Review 1:23-8.

Dhungana S, Tripathee H P, Puri L, Timilsina Y P and Devkota, K P. 2012. Nutritional Analysis of Locally Preferred Fodder Trees of Middle Hills of Nepal: A Case Study from Hemja VDC, Kaski District. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 13: 39-44.

Hari A, Revikumar K G and Divya D. 2014. Artocarpus: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Pharma Search 9: 7-12.

Vaibhav R Jumale

Ph.D Research Scholar

Forestry (Silviculture)

Email@ vaibhav.jumale@gmail.com

mob:7350777626

Posted on 25 May, 202125 May, 2021 by

Addressing challenges of Indian agriculture system through cooperative farming in present context

Introduction:

During Rabi season harvest period in the year 2020 there was a strange situation where farmers in the Hirakud Command area faced a shortage of labourer. It went on until the Kharif harvest time till now. Before Covid, farmers used to bring in labor mass from farther areas who were available with cheaper wages . Due to Covid, the transportation was hampered as well as the local labor were not willing to show up to work because of the fear of the novel corona virus. The harvester machines available had to take turns to cover all the fields which was time taking and they stayed unharvested for a prolonged time with ripened rice gains.

**(Pic.1 #Wet Rice crop spread over roa**d **of Farmer Babulal Pradhan** **and Ishwara Pradhan** **at Bargaon, Bargarh in Odisha)**

The same problem again arises this year. Farmers were learning from their mistakes and making advance arrangements to overcome it. In the mean time , rain comes unexpectedly to wipe out their hopes. Unavailability of labors and harvesting machines has again put the ripened crop to germinate in the field. Now the problems with the token system and mills not accepting low quality crop has added on to farmers’ problems.

This situation can be studied to prepare for how to take the rice production in the area to the next level . Bargarh being called the rice bowl of Odisha has a high productivity rate still there are various constraints that pull them back from enhancing the production exponentially in a sustainable way. I believe these problems does occur in other parts of India as well.One of the various such constraints includes peasant farming(the individual farmer is the owner, manager and organizer of the whole farm).Now this can be overcome by cooperative farming. This is not the end to various existing problems but definitely a strong solution.

Farmers in Remunda area of Bargarh have already adopted it. Maharastra is the pioneer state in India which is taking advantages of various government acts associated with it. If there was cooperative farming in the previous situation the farmers might not have to wait with so much of uncertainty for harvesting or crop loss of any amount. In addition to that, the in-discussion system of farming has various advantages which would attract small and marginal farmers.

Let’s have a look, HOW!!!

COOPERATIVE FARMING

Cooperative farming is when various small or marginal farmers farm collectively and when the crop is harvested the revenue is distributed among the farmers according to the area of their personal land holdings. This was started by the first Jewish agricultural cooperative,”Kvutzat Degania” in the year 1909 in Palestine. The land holdings, livestock, labor and other such resources are pooled and used collectively. It helps in use of those resources in the best way possible while making collective purchase of inputs that decreases the overall input cost. The management decisions are taken by a managing committee elected by them. Members join voluntarily. It runs with one man one vote principle. In Cooperative farming farmers retain the right to their land .

It helps majorities having economic backwardness achieve a common economic aim. With increase in debt seen among Indian farmers the Government of India started working on various problems in Indian agriculture and cooperative movement is one of them , which is still under debate and researches are going on starting from Cooperative Planning Committee(1946) to Vyas Committee (2001/2004). It is said to “have immense potential to deliver goods and services in areas where the government and private sector failed to reach.”

IMPORTANT VARIANTS OF COOPERATIVE FARMING

Looking at the diversity in farming system in India, cooperative farming also has its categories. According to All India Cooperative planning committee (1955) ;

i) Cooperative Better Farming Society

ii)Cooperative Joint Farming Society

iii)Cooperative Tenant Farming Society

iv) Cooperative Collective Farming Society

They have difference in terms of ownership and operatorship of farming only. Both ownership and operatorship is individual in case of cooperative better and cooperative collective . In cooperative joint, ownership is individual and operatorship is collective where as in cooperative tenant is the exact opposite in this perspective.

PERKS OF COOPERATIVE FARMING

Economies of Scale:

Various problems that arise with various practices during cultivation even with application of government policies due to micro fragmentation of Indian lands can be solved by Cooperative farming. Investments that’s are not feasible for scattered plot can be undertaken on such lands for example for farm mechanization mostly heavy equipment like harvesters . Irrigation schemes are useless on fragmented plots because all others quality of irrigation water would go waste where the water can be properly utilized through enlargement of the area of operation.

Many critics suggest that yield per hectare would be increased with the help of collective farming. Looking at per man hour yield per worker can be raised. To be precise economies of scale is positively associated with pooling of land of numerals farmers.

Reducing agricultural labor force(more employment in non agricultural fields):

Higher productivity per worker in agriculture is required for faster economic progress.

As Prof. D. Bhattacharya has rightly commented: “It helps to release workers for non-agricultural work whose scope greatly expands with economic progress. At the same time supply of agricultural products can be maintained to meet the requirements of workers working outside agriculture. The process of industrialization in India depends to a very large extent on the increased productivity of the workers in agriculture.”

Having more to offer:

Having more to market because of the huge hoard of strobe outcome the farmers would have increased quantum of marketable surplus rather than an individual farmer. It is said, “the quantum of marketable surplus generated from the agricultural sector is an important determinant of a country’s material progress.” But policies and plans have failed in India in this case since ages.

Ease for the administrator:

This farming is advantageous to the government .The smaller the number of agricultural farms the easier it is for the government to collect taxes, distribute subsidies and, generally, introduce better agricultural practices and mechanization.

More money to invest(more credit):

Although there has been visible change in micro financing large forms always attract financing institutions more than smaller ones. Without sufficient credit it is not possible to derive advantages of farming in a commercial way.

CHALLENGES IN COOPERATIVE FARMING IN INDIA

Some member-farmers seem to work less vigorously because they’ll get the same amount of profit in proportion of the land owned anyway.

Farmers with political agendas and caste affiliations and other such personal interest seeking personnel don’t allow the cooperation smoothly.

Farmers are afraid of record making .

Taxation is another fear for farmers.

Most of the farmers still use traditional methods of farming.

Lack of ambition among farmers resist them from equipping with modern technology or earning more .

The grant from the state government cannot be accessed as a collective because the government officials are reluctant to release such a huge amount of money in favor of farmers. If at all, the government decided to give farmers of the state a nominal sum of subsidy, the officials involved from the government indulge in corruption for smooth channelization of funds from the government treasury to the farmer’s beneficiary account.

Even though they get a huge load of production , market availability and transportation would emerge as a basic problem.

Older farmers are resistant to change while youngsters are not interested in farming these days.

CONCLUSION

Prof. D. Bhattacharya comments: “The chances of genuine co-operation among India’s peasantry, however, are so small at present that large-scale expansion of co-operative farming is unlikely to take place in the near future.”

When we come to the bare ground we see that there is a need of proper training to farmers in cooperative methods. This method is likely to be accepted by the targeted farmers (small and marginal) only if it penetrates into the system in a systematic way with proper plans, policies ,financing, subsidies or so. The indications that we get from the market preferences or the mind set of farmers now a days in the current situation cooperative system of farming among the Indian people is very unlikely to be adopted.

A proper plan with proper implementation while taking various factors in mind, utilising various tools of agricultural extension, educating rural people and clearly demonstrating the superiority of cooperative farming over the present small-scale peasant farming practices might change the scene.

References:

•Agricultural Economics by Subba Reddy,P Raghuram , T.V.N. Sastry, I. Bhawani Devi

•An Introduction to Social Sciences by Subhash Chandra, Suresh Kumar , K.C. Bairwa

•http://agricoop.nic.in | Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare

Author Details:

Pratyush Kumari Rath

M.Sc (Agriculture Economics)

SHUATS, Prayagraj, India.

mob: 8328959452

email@pratyushkumarirathwishy@gmail.com

Posted on 28 April, 202128 April, 2021 by

Future aspects in value addition of Banana Pseudostem

Introduction

Banana (Order: Zingiberales; Family: Musaceae; Genus: Musa) is an important tropical and sub-tropical fruit crop grown all over the world. India is the largest producer and consumer of banana globally, producing about 30.46 million tons in the year of 2019 (FAOSTAT, 2021), contributing about 23% of world production. India is the largest producer of banana and the major producing states are Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Banana is commonly known as Kela in Indian sub-continent and regionally as Vazhappazham in Kerala, Vazhakkai in Tamil Nadu, Aratipandu in Andhra Pradesh, Kola in Bengali and Kol in Assam.

Banana is a large perennial monocotyledonous herbaceous plant having height up to 9 m with a long pseudostem that arises from the underground rhizomes (Ghag & Ganapathi, 2018). The leaves are oval, elongated and dark green in colour with each plant producing a single inflorescence. The fruits are oblong and fleshy with very small black seeds (Imam & Akter, 2011). All parts of plantain plants namely fruits, leaves, pseudostem, rhizomes and inflorescence are useful. Thus, it is known as a ‘Kalpataru’ in India, which is a Sanskrit term meaning ‘wish granting tree’ (Ghag & Ganapathi, 2018).

The plant is traditionally used as a medicinal herb. The leaves serve as a wrap for cooking, wrapping and serving food in certain traditions. Pseudostem and inflorescence are ingredients in many traditional cuisines. Rhizomes and the outer layer of pseudostem are utilized as animal feed. The fruit part is most commonly used either as raw fruit or in desserts, breakfast dishes when it is ripened. Unripe fruits are used commonly in curries, fried chips etc. The banana fruit, peel, and banana pseudo-stem from various species of banana have been reported to be rich in total carbohydrates, fibre and minerals specially potassium.

The cultivation of plantain is mainly carried out for fruits and the other parts such as leaves, inflorescence, pseudostem, peels and rhizomes are practically wasted. However, currently they have gained the status of valuable by-products generated from banana cultivation (Padam et al., 2014). It is estimated that, for each ton of banana fruit harvested, approximately 4 tons of biomass wastes including rotten fruit, leaves, pseudostem, rhizome and fruit bunch stem are produced (Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018). That is, in a hectare, on an average about 60 to 80 tons is of pseudostem alone. Conventionally, there are a few constraints in utilizing them, for instance pseudostem and inflorescence are considered as a vegetable in certain cultures, but the acceptance is very limited when compared to other leafy vegetables due to discoloration and taste. The surface of the banana pseudo-stem is easily subjected to browning after harvest, which will affect the sensory evaluation and economic value of the banana pseudo-stem made products. Other than the medicinal and culinary uses of banana, recent researches identified plantain and its parts as a great source of phytochemicals (Reddy & Hemachandran, 2014). Several applications of the banana pseudo stem in functional food and nutraceutical industries have been explored.

Pic.1#Cross section of Pesudostem.
The part of the plant that looks like a trunk is actually a false stem, called pseudostem. It is formed by the imbrication of the leaf sheaths.

Banana Pseudostem

Banana Pseudo-stem (BPS) constitute a major part of plant biomass, which are wasted usually left in the plantation or incinerated. BPS is a rich source of fiber, total carbohydrate and cellulose (Saravanan et al., 2011). Pseudostem is the part of plantain plant, which is formed by tight overlapping of leaf stalk one over another with a center having tender core in a cylindrical shape. Plantain stem is a low cost agricultural waste, which can be altered into certain value added products in the current scenario.

Banana Pseudostem Applications

At present, the banana pseudo-stem are dumped on road side or burnt which causes environmental pollution. The usage of agricultural wastes contributes to the concept of green technology and hence paves the way towards sustainable development. Moreover it is an additional income for both small scale farmers and processing industries (Padam et al., 2014).

Natural fibre

**Pic.2# Natural fiber extracted from pesudostem of Banana**

Some researchers have successfully demonstrated the use of banana pseudo-stem and leaves for extraction of fibers on a small scale. The pseudostem fiber is used for making several value added products namely rope, cordage, fishing net, mat, packaging material, paper sheets, textile fabrics, bag, table cloth, handicrafts, absorbent, polymer/fibre composites etc. (Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018). The fiber is extracted by using a decorticator machine then retting and degumming processes are done.

Fuel

Bio-ethanol can be produced from banana pseudostem by fermentation process. Similarly, through banana waste methane can also be produced using anaerobic fermentation.

Substrate for edible

Banana pseudo stem can be utilized as a good substrate for edible mushrooms because of its high cellulose content.

Heavy metal and dye

Studies reported that banana pseudostem can be powerful absorbers of mercury and lead. Similarly it is also reported that banana pseudostem adsorbed methyl red in aqueous solution.

Organic manure

Banana pseudostem outer peels are used as organic manure for banana plantations itself.

Organic farming

**Pic.3 #Banana pseudostem used as based for growing veggies.**

Since banana pseudostem is having a good water retention capacity it can be used in organic farming. It can be done through digging small holes in the banana stem with the help of a sharp object like a knife. Add a little soil and feel free to plant as required.

Others

Pseudo-stem can be used in pulp and paper industries due to its cellulosic content. The banana pseudostem fiber can also be used for ropes such as marine rope since this fibre has good resistance to sea water and has buoyancy properties.

Banana pseudostem: Food applications

The banana central core finds use in south Indian cuisine. The tender core in the centre of the banana pseudostem is edible. In southern part of India, pseudo stem is cooked both as gravy and stir fry seasoned with ginger, garlic, chillies, shallots with curry leaves and grated coconut. In Assam, a dish called kolposola is prepared from young banana pseudostem. Some commonly prepared dishes using banana pseudostem and their recipes are Stir fry, curry, soup, stew, thor ghonto, and stem bajji.

Recently, value added innovative products from banana pseudostem are developed from Central Food Technological Research Institute, Karnataka. Apart from this, the high value products viz., mordant from sap, microcrystalline cellulose powder from fiber and edible products like candy from central core can also obtained (Desai et al., 2016). Stem juice can be prepared with or without addition of other juices like lemon or grape and sugar or jaggery (Kumar & Reddy, 2015; Ravi et al., 2011).

Extensive studies are undergone to explore various possibilities of value addition of banana pseudostem. Banana pseudostem can be dried into powder and can be utilized for carbohydrate and mineral fortification in different bakery products like bread, biscuits, cookies and dairy products like shrikhand, paneer and cheese (Thorat & Bobade, 2018).

Health benefits of Banana pseudostem

Banana stem is a rich source of fibre and helps in weight loss (Chandrasekaran, 2012).
Rich in potassium and vitamin B6.
It helps to control obesity.
It is said to be a diuretic and helps detoxify the body.
It can be used as a source of starch, pectin, cellulose, natural dye, bio generation of flavours and nutrients like dietary fibre, carbohydrates and minerals (Padam et al., 2014).
It has less glycemic index and high dietary fibre and antioxidant content which is good for diabetes (Bhaskar et al., 2011).
In southern India, it is consumed as fresh juice to prevent kidney stones (Dawn et al., 2016).
Banana pseudo-stem powder is a well-known remedy for urinary disorders, stomach troubles like diarrhoea, dysentery and flatulence.
The food products which are fortified by banana pseudo-stem powder served as nutraceutical food and these show nutritional improvement as well as prove as medicine.
It is known to be nutritionally superior and associated with several health benefits.

Recently researchers are more focused on identification, quantification and isolation of different bioactive components present in the pseudostem which have potential nutraceutical applications. Few are listed in Table 1.

Variety/Species	Study/ Bioactivity	REFERENCES
Musa spp. (8 cultivars)	Invitro Anti-oxidant activity	Saravanan & Aradhya, 2011
Musa sapientum Linn.	Invivo Anti-diabetic and Anti-lipedemic activity	*Dikshit et al.,* 2012**
Musa parasidiaca Linn.	Invitro Anti-oxidant activity	Joyetal., 2016
Musa acuminata	Invitro Anticancer activity	Nindiaetal., 2019
Musa spp. (10 cultivars)	Antimicrobial activity	*Jouneghani et al.,* 2020**

Table 1: Studies showing potential nutraceutical activities of banana pseudostem

Banana stem extracts

Banana stem extracts having potential hypoglycemic properties are traditionally used as anti-diabetic agents. A comparative study among various plant parts of plantain plant for hypoglycemic effect showed that the banana stem juice extract exhibited highest anti-diabetic activity than other plant parts as fruit, rhizome and peels (Reddy & Hemachandran, 2014).

Conclusion

Banana pseudo-stem is a by-product of banana plant which has a potential for providing profitable products. Banana pseudostem is an agro waste in plantain cultivation. So there is a great possibility of utilizing banana pseudo-stem in the food processing and other industries thereby providing an additional income for both small scale and large scale farmers. In India, the fibers are being used for preparing handicrafts, ropes etc., which otherwise can be used for making fabrics, home furnishings and good quality papers. The presence of various bioactive components in the pseudostem enhances the nutritional quality but also the therapeutic values of the products. So it will be a great opportunity for researchers in future. At the same time, the problem of waste management can also be solved and provides a new scope for the efficient utilization of banana pseudostem. And the farmers will get benefitted directly and it will contribute to our national economy.

References

Dikshit, P., Shukla, K., Tyagi, M. K., Garg, P., Gambhir, J. K., & Shukla, R. (2012). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the stem of Musa sapientum Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes, 4(4), 378–385. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.17530407.2012.00198.x

Dong, N., Alena, N., Klára, S., Jiří, H., Huong, P., Jitka, V., Milena, S., Jana, H., & Tomáš, R. (2017). Antidiabetic compounds in stem juice from babana grown in natural and greenhouse. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 35(No. 5), 407–413. https://doi. org/10.17221/172/2017-cjfs FAO (2021). http://www.fao. org/3/t0308e/T0308E03.htm, Accessed on March 10, 2021 FAOSTAT. (2019). http://www. fao.org/faostat/en/, Accessed on March 10, 2021.

Thorat, R.L. and Bobade, H.P. (2018). Utilization of banana pseudo-stem in food applications. Internat. J. Agric. Engg., 11(Sp. Issue):86-89, DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJAE/ 11.Sp. Issue/86-89.

Ravi et al., “A review on composition and properties of banana fibers” Cellulose 60: 65, 2015.

Subagyo, A., Chafidz, A. (2018). Banana pseudo-stem fiber: preparation, characteristics and applications. IntechOpen.

Author Details:

Gadha Sreekumar

Ph. D Research Scholar, Department of Vegetable Science,

Horticulture College and Research Institute,

Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

Email@gadharajee@gmail.com

The part of the plant that looks like a trunk is actually a false stem, called pseudostem. It is formed by the imbrication of the leaf sheaths.

Posted on 20 April, 202128 April, 2021 by

Management of Pollinators to Increase Vegetables Production

Introduction

A significant section of small and marginal farming community, who constitute 80% of the country’s farm holdings is significantly dependent on the production of vegetables such as various gourds, brinjal, cucumber, tomatoes apart from potatoes, onions etc. (Sindhu et al., 2005).Approximately 70% of the tropical vegetable crop species produced are dependent on the activity of insect pollinators (Klein et al., 2007).This underpins the 7.53 million tonnes of vegetables grown in India representing 13.4 % of global production (Charan et al., 2010) – a sizeable proportion of which is pollinator dependent.

The consideration of pollination requirements for vegetable crops should be viewed in two broad categories.

Vegetable seed production

Vegetable production

Pollination

Pollination refers to transfer of pollen from the anthers or male reproductive organs of the flowers to the stigmas.

Types of Pollinations

Self pollination
Often cross pollination
Cross pollination

Table 1: Different pollinators which play vital role in pollination

Pollinators	Contribution (%)
Bee	73%
Flies	19%
Bats	6.5%
Wasps	5%
Beetles	5%
Birds	4%
Butterflies	4%

Source- Abrol,2009

**Pic 2.# Different types of Pollinators insects**

Table 2: List of crops which requires and does’t require the pollinators:

Crops That Require Pollinators	Crops That Don’t Require Pollinators But Have Better Yields With Them	Crops From Which Pollinators Collect Pollen
Melons, Cucumber, squash/pumpkin	Eggplant, lima bean, Okra, Pepper	Pea ,snap bean ,tomato

In vegetable production, insecticides can harm pollinators (including bees) in several ways:

When pollinators are present, resulting in direct exposure. This can be true for crops that require pollination services and for crops where pollinators are only feeding on pollen.
Applicators apply insecticides to fruit or vegetables when pollinators are not present, but the insecticide residues persist long enough to potentially harm pollinators when they visit the crop.
Applicators apply systemic insecticides to fruits and vegetables. These products move through the plant to flowers in quantities that could harm pollinators.
Applicators apply insecticides outside the fruit or vegetable production field that move (in some manner) into the field in sufficient quantities to harm pollinators.
The residues of systemic insecticides remain in the soil from a previous crop. The fruit or vegetable crop then takes up the insecticide, which moves to flowers in quantities large enough to harm pollinators.

Best Management Practices to Attract and Protect Pollinators:

Plant native and other well-adapted flowering plants for season long bloom in or near the garden.
Create nesting habitat for ground- and cavity-nesting bees.
Do not spray insecticides or fungicides on flowering plants or fruit trees just before or during bloom.
If pesticide applications are necessary, choose a product with the least toxicity to bees.

The pollination process:

Many insects visit flowers to collect pollen and nectar as food. As they forage, these insects spread pollen grains among flowers, accomplishing pollination. Many flowers offer sugary liquid nectar as an added enticement for these pollinating insects. Among insect pollinators, bees are especially efficient because they eat pollen and nectar exclusively, visit many flowers of the same species during a single trip and have hairy bodies that easily pick up pollen grains.
Cucurbit flowers open shortly after sunrise and remain open until late afternoon or early evening, so each flower is open for only a few hours. The honeybee is the most common and effective cucurbit pollinator. Honeybee activity closely coincides with the period when the flower is open. Honeybees begin to visit flowers an hour or two after sunrise and continue to visit until mid-afternoon. If temperatures are very warm, bee activity may decline about noon. Avoid spraying pesticides when bees are active.

How are vegetables pollinated?

Vegetable crops that produce a fruit require pollination in order to develop fruit. Some vegetable plants produce a separate male and female flower – pumpkins, squash and cucumbers for instance. Pollination occurs when insects such as bees and hoverflies visit flowers, collecting nectar and pollen.

How do you attract Pollinators to a vegetable garden ?

How to attract them: Plant large patches of flowers such as vetch, borage, buckwheat, sunflowers, alfalfa, clover, or wildflower mixes to bring them to your yard. You can also hang a honey bee lure in your garden.
Plants produce nectar to attract pollinators.

How many flowers does a bee pollinate in a day?

Did you realize that a bee can visit up to 5,000 flowers in a single day? If you think that’s amazing, consider this: to make one pound of honey, a hive of bees must travel over 55,000 miles and visit two million flowers!

What time of day are bees most active?

Bees are mid-morning risers. Meaning they will be out and about during the day. Early morning could be best if you don’t have time to wait for dry grass. But either way before 9a.m. or after 5p.m. is the best time to mow your lawn to avoid bee stings.

At what temperature do bees die?

At somewhat lower temperatures bees can survive longer at high relative humidities because desiccation is the limiting factor. PIRSCH (1923) concluded that honeybees die at 46 ° to 48°C and ALLEN (1959) found that they die after 1 hour at 48 °.

Need of management of pollinators:

Unlike the western countries, the bees that pollinate Indian crops are almost all wild honey bees and other non- Apis pollinators. As a result, very little research has been done on their decline.
According to Gallai et al. (2009) more than 40 % of honey bees have been disappeared during last 25 years in India

Reference

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