The PLANTICA – Association of Plant Science Researchers (APSR) is thrilled to announce the 6th Plant Science Researchers Meet (PSRM)-2024- National Conference on Current Trends in Agriculture, Applied, and Life Sciences. This prestigious event is co-organized by Geeta University, Panipat, Haryana, in collaboration with Shri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, and Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Uttarakhand.
Event Details:
Date: March 11 – 12, 2024
Venue: Geeta University, Panipat, Haryana
This conference aims to bring together leading scientists, researchers, academicians, and industry experts from around the globe to discuss and share the latest advancements in Plant Science and the interdisciplinary fields of Agriculture, Applied, and Life Sciences.
Highlights of the Event:
1. Keynote Speakers: Renowned experts will deliver keynote addresses, providing insights into cutting-edge research and developments in the field.
2. Scientific Sessions: The conference will feature parallel scientific sessions covering a wide range of topics, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of the latest trends and breakthroughs.
3. Oral and Poster Presentations: Researchers and students are invited to submit abstracts for oral and poster presentations, offering an excellent platform to showcase their work and engage in discussions.
4. Awards: Recognizing excellence in research, awards will be presented for outstanding contributions in various categories.
Call for Abstract Submission and Award Nominations:
Researchers and scholars are invited to submit their abstracts for oral and poster presentations. Additionally, nominations for awards are welcome. The deadline for abstract submission and award nominations is 05 March 2024.
For detailed guidelines, submission instructions, and registration details please visit the conference website: www.pgrindias.in
We look forward to your participation in the 6th Plant Science Researchers Meet (PSRM)-2024 – National Conference on Current Trends in Agriculture, Applied, and Life Sciences.
PLANTICA – Association of Plant Science Researchers (APSR), Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Geeta University, Panipat, Haryana
Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University, Rishikesh
Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani
Registration Link : https://pgrindias.in/6th-psrm-2023-24/
We take great pleasure in inviting you all to the “6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES (ICAATAS 2023) on June 19-21, 2023 (IN HYBRID MODE)” being organized by the Society of Agriculture Research & LOYOLA ACADEMY, SECUNDERABAD, TELANGANA), Sponsored by OIL INDIA & Scientific Partnered by “SolResLab”. We hope that you will grace the conference with your presence, which will provide you with an opportunity to meet with National- International resource persons, colleagues, and friends working in the area of Agriculture and Allied Sciences.
If you have any queries, please do not hesitate to contact us at contacticaatas@gmail.com
Contact Details- 7005652842/ 9863977658
We sincerely also request you to kindly circulate the information among relevant faculty, students, and industrial resource persons of your department.
We look forward to seeing you as a participant at ICAATAS 2023!
PUBLICATION PARTNERS
Akinik Publication-An International Journal with NAAS RATING 5.23
International Journal of Entomology Research- Web of Science indexed
Plant Science Today, Scopus Indexed Journal (Q3)
Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Scopus & Web of Science Indexed (Q3, Special Issue)
International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, NAAS RATING- 4.98 ( Only Selected Papers )
International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NAAS RATING- 5.12 ( Only Selected Papers )
International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry, NAAS RATING- 4.62 ( Only Selected Papers )
Sponsored Partners:
Oil India
SolResLab- Solutions for Research Laboratories
Knowledge Partners:
IIMR-Indian Institute of millets research
TS AG HUB
IIRR- Indian Institute of Rice Research
Telangana Mahila Vishwavidhyalaya, Telangana
IIOR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
TNU-The Neotia University, West Bengal
Parul University, Gujrat
College of Agriculture, Tripura
Asian PGPR Society
Plant Protection Association of India, Hyderabad
Centurion University
Society for Advancement of Rice Research
Abhinava Krishi Research Organization, Sambalpur, Odisha
During Rabi season harvest period in the year 2020 there was a strange situation where farmers in the Hirakud Command area faced a shortage of labourer. It went on until the Kharif harvest time till now. Before Covid, farmers used to bring in labor mass from farther areas who were available with cheaper wages . Due to Covid, the transportation was hampered as well as the local labor were not willing to show up to work because of the fear of the novel corona virus. The harvester machines available had to take turns to cover all the fields which was time taking and they stayed unharvested for a prolonged time with ripened rice gains.
(Pic.1 #Wet Rice crop spread over road of Farmer Babulal Pradhan and Ishwara Pradhan at Bargaon, Bargarh in Odisha)
The same problem again arises this year. Farmers were learning from their mistakes and making advance arrangements to overcome it. In the mean time , rain comes unexpectedly to wipe out their hopes. Unavailability of labors and harvesting machines has again put the ripened crop to germinate in the field. Now the problems with the token system and mills not accepting low quality crop has added on to farmers’ problems.
This situation can be studied to prepare for how to take the rice production in the area to the next level . Bargarh being called the rice bowl of Odisha has a high productivity rate still there are various constraints that pull them back from enhancing the production exponentially in a sustainable way. I believe these problems does occur in other parts of India as well.One of the various such constraints includes peasant farming(the individual farmer is the owner, manager and organizer of the whole farm).Now this can be overcome by cooperative farming. This is not the end to various existing problems but definitely a strong solution.
Farmers in Remunda area of Bargarh have already adopted it. Maharastra is the pioneer state in India which is taking advantages of various government acts associated with it. If there was cooperative farming in the previous situation the farmers might not have to wait with so much of uncertainty for harvesting or crop loss of any amount. In addition to that, the in-discussion system of farming has various advantages which would attract small and marginal farmers.
Let’s have a look, HOW!!!
COOPERATIVE FARMING
Cooperativefarming is when various small or marginal farmers farm collectively and when the crop is harvested the revenue is distributed among the farmers according to the area of their personal land holdings. This was started by the first Jewish agricultural cooperative,”Kvutzat Degania” in the year 1909 in Palestine. The land holdings, livestock, labor and other such resources are pooled and used collectively. It helps in use of those resources in the best way possible while making collective purchase of inputs that decreases the overall input cost. The management decisions are taken by a managing committee elected by them. Members join voluntarily. It runs with one man one vote principle. In Cooperative farming farmers retain the right to their land .
It helps majorities having economic backwardness achieve a common economic aim. With increase in debt seen among Indian farmers the Government of India started working on various problems in Indian agriculture and cooperative movement is one of them , which is still under debate and researches are going on starting from Cooperative Planning Committee(1946) to Vyas Committee (2001/2004). It is said to “have immense potential to deliver goods and services in areas where the government and private sector failed to reach.”
IMPORTANT VARIANTS OF COOPERATIVE FARMING
Looking at the diversity in farming system in India, cooperative farming also has its categories. According to All India Cooperative planning committee (1955) ;
i) Cooperative Better Farming Society
ii)Cooperative Joint Farming Society
iii)Cooperative Tenant Farming Society
iv) Cooperative Collective Farming Society
They have difference in terms of ownership and operatorship of farming only. Both ownership and operatorship is individual in case of cooperative better and cooperative collective . In cooperative joint, ownership is individual and operatorship is collective where as in cooperative tenant is the exact opposite in this perspective.
PERKS OF COOPERATIVE FARMING
Economies of Scale:
Various problems that arise with various practices during cultivation even with application of government policies due to micro fragmentation of Indian lands can be solved by Cooperative farming. Investments that’s are not feasible for scattered plot can be undertaken on such lands for example for farm mechanization mostly heavy equipment like harvesters . Irrigation schemes are useless on fragmented plots because all others quality of irrigation water would go waste where the water can be properly utilized through enlargement of the area of operation.
Many critics suggest that yield per hectare would be increased with the help of collective farming. Looking at per man hour yield per worker can be raised. To be precise economies of scale is positively associated with pooling of land of numerals farmers.
Reducing agricultural labor force(more employment in non agricultural fields):
Higher productivity per worker in agriculture is required for faster economic progress.
As Prof. D. Bhattacharya has rightly commented: “It helps to release workers for non-agricultural work whose scope greatly expands with economic progress. At the same time supply of agricultural products can be maintained to meet the requirements of workers working outside agriculture. The process of industrialization in India depends to a very large extent on the increased productivity of the workers in agriculture.”
Having more to offer:
Having more to market because of the huge hoard of strobe outcome the farmers would have increased quantum of marketable surplus rather than an individual farmer. It is said, “the quantum of marketable surplus generated from the agricultural sector is an important determinant of a country’s material progress.” But policies and plans have failed in India in this case since ages.
Ease for the administrator:
This farming is advantageous to the government .The smaller the number of agricultural farms the easier it is for the government to collect taxes, distribute subsidies and, generally, introduce better agricultural practices and mechanization.
More money to invest(more credit):
Although there has been visible change in micro financing large forms always attract financing institutions more than smaller ones. Without sufficient credit it is not possible to derive advantages of farming in a commercial way.
CHALLENGES IN COOPERATIVE FARMING IN INDIA
Some member-farmers seem to work less vigorously because they’ll get the same amount of profit in proportion of the land owned anyway.
Farmers with political agendas and caste affiliations and other such personal interest seeking personnel don’t allow the cooperation smoothly.
Farmers are afraid of record making .
Taxation is another fear for farmers.
Most of the farmers still use traditional methods of farming.
Lack of ambition among farmers resist them from equipping with modern technology or earning more .
The grant from the state government cannot be accessed as a collective because the government officials are reluctant to release such a huge amount of money in favor of farmers. If at all, the government decided to give farmers of the state a nominal sum of subsidy, the officials involved from the government indulge in corruption for smooth channelization of funds from the government treasury to the farmer’s beneficiary account.
Even though they get a huge load of production , market availability and transportation would emerge as a basic problem.
Older farmers are resistant to change while youngsters are not interested in farming these days.
CONCLUSION
Prof. D. Bhattacharya comments: “The chances of genuine co-operation among India’s peasantry, however, are so small at present that large-scale expansion of co-operative farming is unlikely to take place in the near future.”
When we come to the bare ground we see that there is a need of proper training to farmers in cooperative methods. This method is likely to be accepted by the targeted farmers (small and marginal) only if it penetrates into the system in a systematic way with proper plans, policies ,financing, subsidies or so. The indications that we get from the market preferences or the mind set of farmers now a days in the current situation cooperative system of farming among the Indian people is very unlikely to be adopted.
A proper plan with proper implementation while taking various factors in mind, utilising various tools of agricultural extension, educating rural people and clearly demonstrating the superiority of cooperative farming over the present small-scale peasant farming practices might change the scene.
References:
•Agricultural Economics by Subba Reddy,P Raghuram , T.V.N. Sastry, I. Bhawani Devi
•An Introduction to Social Sciences by Subhash Chandra, Suresh Kumar , K.C. Bairwa
Banana (Order: Zingiberales; Family: Musaceae; Genus: Musa) is an important tropical and sub-tropical fruit crop grown all over the world. India is the largest producer and consumer of banana globally, producing about 30.46 million tons in the year of 2019 (FAOSTAT, 2021), contributing about 23% of world production. India is the largest producer of banana and the major producing states are Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Banana is commonly known as Kela in Indian sub-continent and regionally as Vazhappazham in Kerala, Vazhakkai in Tamil Nadu, Aratipandu in Andhra Pradesh, Kola in Bengali and Kol in Assam.
Banana is a large perennial monocotyledonous herbaceous plant having height up to 9 m with a long pseudostem that arises from the underground rhizomes (Ghag & Ganapathi, 2018). The leaves are oval, elongated and dark green in colour with each plant producing a single inflorescence. The fruits are oblong and fleshy with very small black seeds (Imam & Akter, 2011). All parts of plantain plants namely fruits, leaves, pseudostem, rhizomes and inflorescence are useful. Thus, it is known as a ‘Kalpataru’ in India, which is a Sanskrit term meaning ‘wish granting tree’ (Ghag & Ganapathi, 2018).
The plant is traditionally used as a medicinal herb. The leaves serve as a wrap for cooking, wrapping and serving food in certain traditions. Pseudostem and inflorescence are ingredients in many traditional cuisines. Rhizomes and the outer layer of pseudostem are utilized as animal feed. The fruit part is most commonly used either as raw fruit or in desserts, breakfast dishes when it is ripened. Unripe fruits are used commonly in curries, fried chips etc. The banana fruit, peel, and banana pseudo-stem from various species of banana have been reported to be rich in total carbohydrates, fibre and minerals specially potassium.
The cultivation of plantain is mainly carried out for fruits and the other parts such as leaves, inflorescence, pseudostem, peels and rhizomes are practically wasted. However, currently they have gained the status of valuable by-products generated from banana cultivation (Padam et al., 2014). It is estimated that, for each ton of banana fruit harvested, approximately 4 tons of biomass wastes including rotten fruit, leaves, pseudostem, rhizome and fruit bunch stem are produced (Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018). That is, in a hectare, on an average about 60 to 80 tons is of pseudostem alone. Conventionally, there are a few constraints in utilizing them, for instance pseudostem and inflorescence are considered as a vegetable in certain cultures, but the acceptance is very limited when compared to other leafy vegetables due to discoloration and taste. The surface of the banana pseudo-stem is easily subjected to browning after harvest, which will affect the sensory evaluation and economic value of the banana pseudo-stem made products. Other than the medicinal and culinary uses of banana, recent researches identified plantain and its parts as a great source of phytochemicals (Reddy & Hemachandran, 2014). Several applications of the banana pseudo stem in functional food and nutraceutical industries have been explored.
Pic.1#Cross section of Pesudostem. The part of the plant that looks like a trunk is actually a false stem, called pseudostem. It is formed by the imbrication of the leaf sheaths.
Banana Pseudostem
Banana Pseudo-stem (BPS) constitute a major part of plant biomass, which are wasted usually left in the plantation or incinerated. BPS is a rich source of fiber, total carbohydrate and cellulose (Saravanan et al., 2011). Pseudostem is the part of plantain plant, which is formed by tight overlapping of leaf stalk one over another with a center having tender core in a cylindrical shape. Plantain stem is a low cost agricultural waste, which can be altered into certain value added products in the current scenario.
Banana Pseudostem Applications
At present, the banana pseudo-stem are dumped on road side or burnt which causes environmental pollution. The usage of agricultural wastes contributes to the concept of green technology and hence paves the way towards sustainable development. Moreover it is an additional income for both small scale farmers and processing industries (Padam et al., 2014).
Natural fibre
Pic.2# Natural fiber extracted from pesudostem of Banana
Some researchers have successfully demonstrated the use of banana pseudo-stem and leaves for extraction of fibers on a small scale. The pseudostem fiber is used for making several value added products namely rope, cordage, fishing net, mat, packaging material, paper sheets, textile fabrics, bag, table cloth, handicrafts, absorbent, polymer/fibre composites etc. (Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018). The fiber is extracted by using a decorticator machine then retting and degumming processes are done.
Fuel
Bio-ethanol can be produced from banana pseudostem by fermentation process. Similarly, through banana waste methane can also be produced using anaerobic fermentation.
Substrate for edible
Banana pseudo stem can be utilized as a good substrate for edible mushrooms because of its high cellulose content.
Heavy metal and dye
Studies reported that banana pseudostem can be powerful absorbers of mercury and lead. Similarly it is also reported that banana pseudostem adsorbed methyl red in aqueous solution.
Organic manure
Banana pseudostem outer peels are used as organic manure for banana plantations itself.
Organic farming
Pic.3 #Banana pseudostem used as based for growing veggies.
Since banana pseudostem is having a good water retention capacity it can be used in organic farming. It can be done through digging small holes in the banana stem with the help of a sharp object like a knife. Add a little soil and feel free to plant as required.
Others
Pseudo-stem can be used in pulp and paper industries due to its cellulosic content. The banana pseudostem fiber can also be used for ropes such as marine rope since this fibre has good resistance to sea water and has buoyancy properties.
Banana pseudostem: Food applications
The banana central core finds use in south Indian cuisine. The tender core in the centre of the banana pseudostem is edible. In southern part of India, pseudo stem is cooked both as gravy and stir fry seasoned with ginger, garlic, chillies, shallots with curry leaves and grated coconut. In Assam, a dish called kolposola is prepared from young banana pseudostem. Some commonly prepared dishes using banana pseudostem and their recipes are Stir fry, curry, soup, stew, thor ghonto, and stem bajji.
Pic.4#Pseudostem bajji
Recently, value added innovative products from banana pseudostem are developed from Central Food Technological Research Institute, Karnataka. Apart from this, the high value products viz., mordant from sap, microcrystalline cellulose powder from fiber and edible products like candy from central core can also obtained (Desai et al., 2016). Stem juice can be prepared with or without addition of other juices like lemon or grape and sugar or jaggery (Kumar & Reddy, 2015; Ravi et al., 2011).
Extensive studies are undergone to explore various possibilities of value addition of banana pseudostem. Banana pseudostem can be dried into powder and can be utilized for carbohydrate and mineral fortification in different bakery products like bread, biscuits, cookies and dairy products like shrikhand, paneer and cheese (Thorat & Bobade, 2018).
Health benefits of Banana pseudostem
Banana stem is a rich source of fibre and helps in weight loss (Chandrasekaran, 2012).
Rich in potassium and vitamin B6.
It helps to control obesity.
It is said to be a diuretic and helps detoxify the body.
It can be used as a source of starch, pectin, cellulose, natural dye, bio generation of flavours and nutrients like dietary fibre, carbohydrates and minerals (Padam et al., 2014).
It has less glycemic index and high dietary fibre and antioxidant content which is good for diabetes (Bhaskar et al., 2011).
In southern India, it is consumed as fresh juice to prevent kidney stones (Dawn et al., 2016).
Banana pseudo-stem powder is a well-known remedy for urinary disorders, stomach troubles like diarrhoea, dysentery and flatulence.
The food products which are fortified by banana pseudo-stem powder served as nutraceutical food and these show nutritional improvement as well as prove as medicine.
It is known to be nutritionally superior and associated with several health benefits.
Recently researchers are more focused on identification, quantification and isolation of different bioactive components present in the pseudostem which have potential nutraceutical applications. Few are listed in Table 1.
Variety/Species
Study/ Bioactivity
REFERENCES
Musa spp. (8 cultivars)
Invitro Anti-oxidant activity
Saravanan & Aradhya, 2011
Musa sapientum Linn.
Invivo Anti-diabetic and Anti-lipedemic activity
Dikshit et al., 2012
Musa parasidiaca Linn.
Invitro Anti-oxidant activity
Joyetal., 2016
Musa acuminata
Invitro Anticancer activity
Nindiaetal., 2019
Musa spp. (10 cultivars)
Antimicrobial activity
Jouneghani et al., 2020
Table 1: Studies showing potential nutraceutical activities of banana pseudostem
Banana stem extracts
Banana stem extracts having potential hypoglycemic properties are traditionally used as anti-diabetic agents. A comparative study among various plant parts of plantain plant for hypoglycemic effect showed that the banana stem juice extract exhibited highest anti-diabetic activity than other plant parts as fruit, rhizome and peels (Reddy & Hemachandran, 2014).
Conclusion
Banana pseudo-stem is a by-product of banana plant which has a potential for providing profitable products. Banana pseudostem is an agro waste in plantain cultivation. So there is a great possibility of utilizing banana pseudo-stem in the food processing and other industries thereby providing an additional income for both small scale and large scale farmers. In India, the fibers are being used for preparing handicrafts, ropes etc., which otherwise can be used for making fabrics, home furnishings and good quality papers. The presence of various bioactive components in the pseudostem enhances the nutritional quality but also the therapeutic values of the products. So it will be a great opportunity for researchers in future. At the same time, the problem of waste management can also be solved and provides a new scope for the efficient utilization of banana pseudostem. And the farmers will get benefitted directly and it will contribute to our national economy.
References
Dikshit, P., Shukla, K., Tyagi, M. K., Garg, P., Gambhir, J. K., & Shukla, R. (2012). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the stem of Musa sapientum Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes, 4(4), 378–385. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.17530407.2012.00198.x
Dong, N., Alena, N., Klára, S., Jiří, H., Huong, P., Jitka, V., Milena, S., Jana, H., & Tomáš, R. (2017). Antidiabetic compounds in stem juice from babana grown in natural and greenhouse. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 35(No. 5), 407–413. https://doi. org/10.17221/172/2017-cjfs FAO (2021). http://www.fao. org/3/t0308e/T0308E03.htm, Accessed on March 10, 2021 FAOSTAT. (2019). http://www. fao.org/faostat/en/, Accessed on March 10, 2021.
Thorat, R.L. and Bobade, H.P. (2018). Utilization of banana pseudo-stem in food applications. Internat. J. Agric. Engg., 11(Sp. Issue):86-89, DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJAE/ 11.Sp. Issue/86-89.
Ravi et al., “A review on composition and properties of banana fibers” Cellulose 60: 65, 2015.
Subagyo, A., Chafidz, A. (2018). Banana pseudo-stem fiber: preparation, characteristics and applications. IntechOpen.
Author Details:
Gadha Sreekumar
Ph. D Research Scholar, Department of Vegetable Science,
Horticulture College and Research Institute,
Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Email@gadharajee@gmail.com
The part of the plant that looks like a trunk is actually a false stem, called pseudostem. It is formed by the imbrication of the leaf sheaths.
A significant section of small and marginal farming community, who constitute 80% of the country’s farm holdings is significantly dependent on the production of vegetables such as various gourds, brinjal, cucumber, tomatoes apart from potatoes, onions etc. (Sindhu et al., 2005).Approximately 70% of the tropical vegetable crop species produced are dependent on the activity of insect pollinators (Klein et al., 2007).This underpins the 7.53 million tonnes of vegetables grown in India representing 13.4 % of global production (Charan et al., 2010) – a sizeable proportion of which is pollinator dependent.
The consideration of pollination requirements for vegetable crops should be viewed in two broad categories.
Vegetable seed production
Vegetable production
Pollination
Pollination refers to transfer of pollen from the anthers or male reproductive organs of the flowers to the stigmas.
Types of Pollinations
Self pollination
Often cross pollination
Cross pollination
Table 1: Different pollinators which play vital role in pollination
Pollinators
Contribution(%)
Bee
73%
Flies
19%
Bats
6.5%
Wasps
5%
Beetles
5%
Birds
4%
Butterflies
4%
Source- Abrol,2009
Pic 2.# Different types of Pollinators insects
Table 2: List of crops which requires and does’t require the pollinators:
Crops That Require Pollinators
Crops That Don’t Require Pollinators But Have Better Yields With Them
Crops From Which Pollinators Collect Pollen
Melons, Cucumber, squash/pumpkin
Eggplant, lima bean, Okra, Pepper
Pea ,snap bean ,tomato
In vegetable production, insecticides can harm pollinators (including bees) in several ways:
When pollinators are present, resulting in direct exposure. This can be true for crops that require pollination services and for crops where pollinators are only feeding on pollen.
Applicators apply insecticides to fruit or vegetables when pollinators are not present, but the insecticide residues persist long enough to potentially harm pollinators when they visit the crop.
Applicators apply systemic insecticides to fruits and vegetables. These products move through the plant to flowers in quantities that could harm pollinators.
Applicators apply insecticides outside the fruit or vegetable production field that move (in some manner) into the field in sufficient quantities to harm pollinators.
The residues of systemic insecticides remain in the soil from a previous crop. The fruit or vegetable crop then takes up the insecticide, which moves to flowers in quantities large enough to harm pollinators.
Best Management Practices to Attract and Protect Pollinators:
Plant native and other well-adapted flowering plants for season long bloom in or near the garden.
Create nesting habitat for ground- and cavity-nesting bees.
Do not spray insecticides or fungicides on flowering plants or fruit trees just before or during bloom.
If pesticide applications are necessary, choose a product with the least toxicity to bees.
The pollination process:
Many insects visit flowers to collect pollen and nectar as food. As they forage, these insects spread pollen grains among flowers, accomplishing pollination. Many flowers offer sugary liquid nectar as an added enticement for these pollinating insects. Among insect pollinators, bees are especially efficient because they eat pollen and nectar exclusively, visit many flowers of the same species during a single trip and have hairy bodies that easily pick up pollen grains.
Cucurbit flowers open shortly after sunrise and remain open until late afternoon or early evening, so each flower is open for only a few hours. The honeybee is the most common and effective cucurbit pollinator. Honeybee activity closely coincides with the period when the flower is open. Honeybees begin to visit flowers an hour or two after sunrise and continue to visit until mid-afternoon. If temperatures are very warm, bee activity may decline about noon. Avoid spraying pesticides when bees are active.
How are vegetables pollinated?
Vegetable crops that produce a fruit require pollination in order to develop fruit. Some vegetable plants produce a separate male and female flower – pumpkins, squash and cucumbers for instance. Pollination occurs when insects such as bees and hoverflies visit flowers, collecting nectar and pollen.
How do you attract Pollinators to a vegetable garden ?
How to attract them: Plant large patches of flowers such as vetch, borage, buckwheat, sunflowers, alfalfa, clover, or wildflower mixes to bring them to your yard. You can also hang a honey bee lure in your garden.
Plants produce nectar to attract pollinators.
How many flowers does a bee pollinate in a day?
Did you realize that a bee can visit up to 5,000 flowers in a single day? If you think that’s amazing, consider this: to make one pound of honey, a hive of bees must travel over 55,000 miles and visit two million flowers!
What time of day are bees most active?
Bees are mid-morning risers. Meaning they will be out and about during the day. Early morning could be best if you don’t have time to wait for dry grass. But either way before 9a.m. or after 5p.m. is the best time to mow your lawn to avoid bee stings.
At what temperature do bees die?
At somewhat lower temperatures bees can survive longer at high relative humidities because desiccation is the limiting factor. PIRSCH (1923) concluded that honeybees die at 46 ° to 48°C and ALLEN (1959) found that they die after 1 hour at 48 °.
Need of management of pollinators:
Unlike the western countries, the bees that pollinate Indian crops are almost all wild honey bees and other non- Apis pollinators. As a result, very little research has been done on their decline.
According to Gallai et al. (2009) more than 40 % of honey bees have been disappeared during last 25 years in India
Reference
Abrol DP. 2009. Plant-pollinator interactions in the context of climate change – an endangeredmutualism. Journal of Palynology, 45:1-25
Basu P,Bhattacharya R and Ianetta PP. 2011. “A decline in pollinator dependent vegetable crop productivity in India indicates pollination limitation and consequent agroeconomic crisis,” Nature Precedings, http://hdl.handle.net/ 10101/npre.2011.6044.1
Chakrabarti P, Rana S, Sarkar S, Smith B and Basu P. 2014. Pesticide-induced oxidative stress in laboratory and field populations of native honey bees along intensive agricultural landscapes in two Eastern Indian states. Apidologie 46, 107–129.
Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J and Vaissiere BE.2009. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted to pollinator decline. Ecological Economics 68, 810-821.
George RAT. 2009. Vegetable seed production, 3rd ed. CABI, Wallingford.
Klein MA, Vaissiere EB, Cane HJ, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C and Tscharntke T. 2007.Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 274,303-313.
Pannure A.2016.Bee pollinators decline: perspectives from india. International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Science,3(5)
Raj H and Mattu VK.2016.bee pollination and pollinator friendly management Practices in himachal himalaya, india,Global Journal of Bio-science and Biotechnology, 5 (1) : 88-94
Sengupta P and Ghorai N.2018.A study on the foraging behaviour of hymenopterans on vegetable crops in the South-24-parganas district of west bengal, india.Asian Journal of Science and Technology,09(1):7319-7326,
Sushil SN, Stanley J, Hedau NK and Bhatt JC. 2013. Enhancing Seed Production of Three Brassica vegetables by Honey Bee Pollination in North-western Himalayas of India , Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 1(3): 49-53
Annual report of AICRP on Honey Bee and Pollinators, Bhubaneswar, OUAT, 2016-17.
